Take Shelter: Inheritance, surveillance and
being normal.
Inheritance
(of land, fortune, title) and inheritance of madness is a common plot device and
this film gives a contemporary take on this story. The key themes I want to
discuss are inheritance and surveillance, but also the competing versions of
being ‘normal’ presented and challenged throughout the film.
Inheritance and surveillance
The risk
of inheritance of major mental illness and the silent surveillance of Curtis by
the couples friends, their family and their wider community and importantly by Curtis
himself, runs through the film. I am a sociologist of medicine, and I am particularly
interested in how people make sense of genetic illness and risk. My detailed
ethnographic study Risky Relations:
Family and kinship in the era of new genetics (2006) examines the ways in
which individuals and families respond to having a genetic risk, and the ways
in which they disclose this risk of disease to other family members. Genetic conditions
lead to alertness and monitoring in various ways and in this monograph we identify processes of ‘mutual
surveillance’ among family members:
·
Older family members observe the next generation in
order to try to detect early signs of the condition ‘coming out’ in them.
·
Similarly, if they are aware of the familial nature of
the condition, members of the younger generation survey their older relatives,
in order to try to assess their own possible fate.
Importantly, they all search for patterns to assess how the condition
affects their own particular family, the onset and early signs of the condition
and how it manifests and progresses within their family.
From the
aftermath of his first dream Curtis surveys himself for the signs of the onset
of the mental illness that affected his mother at a similar age (30’s). Every
time his wife, closest friend and brother ask ‘Are you OK?’ he gives no
indication of his underlying anxiety, but tries to cope and manage on his own,
seeing his GP and counselor in secret. In response, his wife, their friends and
community silently watch him. Even his GP when he discloses what to him is
possibly his most embarrassing symptom (bed wetting), just asks ‘have you seen
your mother recently?’ No one mentions the possible diagnosis that is clearly
in all their minds (onset of mental illness) and they all watch and worry in
silence.
It is
also typical that family members worry about onset at a similar age- he has
reached the same age as his mother developed her mental illness. Beliefs about who is
‘at risk’ within the family often follow social rather than biological
patterns of transmission. The assessments of clinical professionals are often assimilated
into the broader systems of belief and practice that form the context of ideas
about kinship and inheritance. In one of the final scenes, the psychiatrist
tells Curtis he needs to ‘commit to treatment’ and to enter a treatment
facility, this mirrors both the onset of his mothers condition, but also her
fate: following onset and diagnosis she was hospitalised and became
institutionalised for the rest of her life. For me, this seems to tap into
Curtis’s deepest fears.
We do
not need genetic science to provide us with a general sense of biological
relatedness or to
tell us that risk of disease can be transmitted through families (for example,
Haemophilia and the royal families of Europe) or that there are strong cultural
beliefs that traits such as talents and aspects of personality are inherited. In
the film, these more general beliefs about inheritance are played out during
the play date, where the women discuss the fate of the tiny baby with them: he
is destined to be just like his father- drinking beer and going to bars every
night. My
own work examines Mendelian genetic conditions, however, work has yet to be
done to examine the ways in which individuals and families make sense of more
complex multi-factoral conditions such as the major mental illness, that have
more complex patterns of familial risk.
The
wonderful ambiguity throughout this film means that we always question whether
Curtis is experiencing the onset of mental illness or is it something else? Is
he a prophet? or is he expressing a deep anxiety about being abandoned? We find
out that his father (who brought him up) has recently died and his mother
abandoned him in a car when he was a child. The shelter may be a way of shoring
up his world, he repeatedly states throughout the film that he won’t leave his
wife or daughter.
Being normal
Reality
is contested through the film. The first scene is a very Norman Rockwell scene
of Curtis standing in his yard with the picket fence and pick-up truck. As his
friend says, he has the ‘perfect life’ in the context of this blue collar Mid-Western
world. It is ‘normal’ but only one version of it. But it is also an apple pie fantasy of a
small town world. However, as he starts to get ill, he is seen as stepping out
of line and the clear message from the community is that he does not fit in.
In
return, he also imposes a world on them. This is the God fearing bible belt of America
and we see this in his father-in-law’s damning statement that Curits does not
attend church. But Curtis in turn, also imposes another world on them; he
becomes a prophet warning them of Armageddon.
For me,
the most powerful scene is the oyster bake, which encapsulates so many of the
key themes. The family are trying to function as normal, as the wife puts it
she wants them to have a normal family night out. But as they sit down to enjoy
the meal, all the eyes of the community are on them - silent surveillance of
him – and importantly they sit apart. His best friend confronts him and makes
it clear he no longer belongs there. They fight and no one intervenes and as he
is covered in food the community keeps silent whilst he accuses them of
believing he is mentally ill. Then the tone changes dramatically - his speech
turns into a sermon warning of Armageddon and of fire and brimstone, dispensed
from the pulpit. The community who are still silently watching him from their
seats become more akin to a scared flock- his language now holds a resonance
for this God fearing community and they look scared. Curtis turns to his wife who
looks at him not in fear, but in horror at what is happening to them. The three
of them (Curtis, his wife and daughter) hold each other and leave this silent
ever-watching audience and their isolation from the community becomes very clear.
I love
the ambiguous ending. In the final scene they are having the holiday at the
beach house that the wife has saved for and fantasized about throughout the
film. Yet even here the family are alone and isolated: the house looks the
same, the routines are the same: she cooks in a similar kitchen and he plays
with their daughter on the beach instead of the backyard. No one else can be
seen. For the first time others see the storm coming- the daughter (who sees it
first) and his wife. Is he a prophet, a modern Noah who’s vision saves his
family, is this another dream or has his psychosis spread to Folie a deux for
this family now isolated, shunned and set adrift by their community.
References
Featherstone K, Atkinson P,
Bharadwaj A, Clarke AJ. (2006) Risky Relations: Family and kinship in the
era of new genetics. Oxford: Berg.
